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Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis (and also in psychodynamic theory) which was originally devised by Sigmund Freud out of the hypnotic method of his mentor and coworker, Josef Breuer. 'The importance of free association is that the patients spoke for themselves, rather than repeating the ideas of the analyst; they work through their own material, rather than parroting another's suggestions'.〔Pamela Thurschwell, ''Sigmund Freud'' (2009) p. 24〕 ==Origins== Freud developed the technique as an alternative to hypnosis, because he perceived the latter as subjected to more fallibility, and because patients could recover and comprehend crucial memories while fully conscious. However, Freud felt that despite a subject's effort to remember, a certain resistance kept him or her from the most painful and important memories. He eventually came to the view that certain items were completely repressed, and off-limits, to the conscious realm of the mind. The new technique was also encouraged by his experiences with "Miss Elisabeth", one of his early clients who protested against interruptions of her flow of thought, that was described by his official biographer Ernest Jones as "one of the countless examples of a patient's furthering the physician's work".〔Ernest Jones, ''The Life and Works of Sigmund Freud'' (Penguin 1964) p. 216〕 "There can be no exact date for the discovery of the 'free association' method... it evolved very gradually between 1892 and 1895, becoming steadily refined and purified from the adjuvants - hypnosis, suggestion, pressing, and questioning - that accompanied it at its inception".〔Ernest Jones, ''The Life and Works of Sigmund Freud'' (Penguin 1964) p. 214〕 Subsequently, in ''The Interpretation of Dreams'', Freud cites as a precursor of free association a letter from Schiller, the letter maintaining that, "where there is a creative mind, Reason - so it seems to me - relaxes its watch upon the gates, and the ideas rush in pell-mell".〔Quoted in Janet Malcolm, ''Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession'' (London 1988) p. 17〕 Freud would later also mention as a possible influence an essay by Ludwig Börne, suggesting that to foster creativity you "write down, without any falsification or hypocrisy, everything that comes into your head".〔Quoted in Jones, p. 219〕 Other potential influences in the development of this technique include Husserl's version of epoche〔Peter Koestenbaum, Introductory essay to ''The Paris Lectures'' by Husserl, 1998〕 and the work of Sir Francis Galton. It has been argued that Galton is the progenitor of free association, and that Freud adopted the technique from Galton's reports published in the journal ''Brain'', of which Freud was a subscriber.〔Eysenck, Hans (1991). ''Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire''. Penguin Books Ltd., p. 23–24.〕 Free association also shares some features with the idea of stream of consciousness, employed by writers such as Virginia Woolf and Marcel Proust: "all stream-of-consciousness fiction is greatly dependent on the principles of free association".〔Robert Hughes, ''Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel'' (1954) p. 48〕 Freud called free association "this fundamental technical rule of analysis... We instruct the patient to put himself into a state of quiet, unreflecting self-observation, and to report to us whatever internal observations he is able to make" - taking care not to "exclude any of them, whether on the ground that it is too ''disagreeable'' or too ''indiscreet'' to say, or that it is too ''unimportant'' or ''irrelevant'', or that it is ''nonsensical'' and need not be said".〔Sigmund Freud, ''Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis'' (PFL 1) p. 328〕 The psychoanalyst James Strachey (1887-1967) considered free association as 'the first instrument for the scientific examination of the human mind'.〔James Strachey, "Sigmund Freud", in Sigmund Freud, ''On Sexuality'' (PFL 7) p. 20〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Free association (psychology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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